Edward Bellamy (March 26, 1850 – May 22, 1898) was an American author, journalist, and political activist most famous for his

utopia A utopia ( ) typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its members. It was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book ''Utopia (book), Utopia'', describing a fictional ...

n novel ''

Looking Backward ''Looking Backward: 2000–1887'' is a utopian science fiction novel by Edward Bellamy, a journalist and writer from Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts; it was first published in 1888. The book was translated into several languages, and in short or ...

''. Bellamy's vision of a harmonious future world inspired the formation of numerous "

Nationalist Clubs Nationalist Clubs were an organized network of socialist political groups which emerged at the end of the 1880s in the United States of America in an effort to make real the ideas advanced by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel ''Looking Backwa ...

" dedicated to the propagation of his political ideas. After working as a journalist and writing several unremarkable novels, Bellamy published ''Looking Backward'' in 1888. It was one of the most commercially successful books published in the United States in the 19th century, and it especially appealed to a generation of intellectuals alienated from the alleged dark side of the

Gilded Age In United States history, the Gilded Age was an era extending roughly from 1877 to 1900, which was sandwiched between the Reconstruction era and the Progressive Era. It was a time of rapid economic growth, especially in the Northern and Weste ...

. In the early 1890s, Bellamy established a newspaper known as ''

The New Nation ''New Nation'' was a weekly newspaper published in the UK for the Black British community. Launched in 1996, the newspaper was Britain's Number 1-selling black newspaper. The paper was published every Monday. ''New Nation'' was initially lau ...

'' and began to promote united action between the various Nationalist Clubs and the emerging People's Party (United States), Populist Party. He published ''Equality (novel), Equality'', a sequel to ''Looking Backward'', in 1897, and died the following year.

Biography

Early life

Edward Bellamy was born in Chicopee, Massachusetts. His father was Rufus King Bellamy (1816–1886), a Baptist minister and a descendant of Joseph Bellamy.Howard Quint, ''The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901.'' Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1953; p. 74. His mother, Maria Louisa Putnam Bellamy, was a Calvinist. She was the daughter of a Baptist minister named Benjamin Putnam, who was forced to withdraw from the ministry in Salem, Massachusetts, following objections to his becoming a Freemason. Bellamy attended public school at Chicopee Falls before leaving for Union College of Schenectady, New York, where he studied for just two semesters. Upon leaving school, he made his way to Europe for a year, spending extensive time in Germany. He briefly studied law but abandoned that field without ever having practiced as a lawyer, instead entering the world of journalism. In this capacity Bellamy briefly served on the staff of the ''New York Post'' before returning to his native Massachusetts to take a position at the ''Springfield Union''. At the age of 25, Bellamy developed tuberculosis, the disease that would ultimately kill him. He suffered with its effects throughout his adult life. In an effort to regain his health, Bellamy spent a year in the Hawaiian Islands (1877 to 1878). Returning to the United States, he decided to abandon the daily grind of journalism in favor of literary work, which put fewer demands upon his time and his health. Bellamy married Emma Augusta Sanderson in 1882. The couple had two children.

Literary career

Bellamy's early novels, including ''Six to One'' (1878), ''Dr. Heidenhoff's Process'' (1880), and ''Miss Ludington's Sister'' (1885), were unremarkable works, making use of standard psychological plots. A turn to utopian science fiction with ''Looking Backward, Looking Backward, 2000–1887,'' published in January 1888, captured the public imagination and catapulted Bellamy to literary fame. Its publisher could scarcely keep up with demand. Within a year it had sold some 200,000 copies, and by the end of the 19th century had sold more copies than any other book published in America up to that time except for ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' by Harriet Beecher Stowe and ''Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ'' by Lew Wallace. The book gained an extensive readership in the United Kingdom as well, more than 235,000 copies being sold there between 1890 and 1935.Bowman, ''The Year 2000'', p. 121. In ''Looking Backward'', a non-violent revolution had transformed the American economy and thereby society; private property had been abolished in favor of state ownership of capital and the elimination of social classes and the ills of society that he thought inevitably followed from them.Franklin Rosemont, "Edward Bellamy (1850–98)," in Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas (eds.), ''Encyclopedia of the American Left.'' First Edition. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990; p. 80. In the new world of the year 2000, there was no longer war, poverty, crime, prostitution, corruption, money, or taxes. Neither did there exist such occupations seen by Bellamy as of dubious worth to society, such as politicians, lawyers, merchants, or soldiers. Instead, Bellamy's utopian society of the future was based upon the voluntary employment of all citizens between the ages of 21 and 45, after which time all would retire. Work was simple, aided by machine production, working hours short and vacation time long. The new economic basis of society effectively remade human nature itself in Bellamy's idyllic vision, with greed, maliciousness, untruthfulness, and insanity all relegated to the past.

Bellamyite movement

Bellamy's book inspired legions of inspired readers to establish so-called

, beginning in Boston late in 1888.William D.P. Bliss and Rudolph M. Binder (eds.), ''The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform.'' New Edition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1908; pp. 810–812. His vision of a country relieved of its social ills through abandonment of the principle of competition and establishment of state ownership of industry proved an appealing panacea to a generation of intellectuals alienated from the dark side of

America. By 1891 it was reported that no fewer than 162 Nationalist Clubs were in existence.Morris Hillquit, ''History of Socialism in the United States.'' Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1910; p. 289. Bellamy's use of the term "Nationalism" rather than "socialism" as a descriptor of his governmental vision was calculated, as he did not want to limit either sales of his novel or the potential influence of its political ideas.Sylvia E. Bowman, ''The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy.'' New York: Bookman Associates, 1958; p. 114. In an 1888 letter to literary critic William Dean Howells, Bellamy wrote: Bellamy himself came to actively participate in the political movement which emerged around his book, particularly after 1891 when he founded his own magazine, ''

,'' and began to promote united action between the various Nationalist Clubs and the emerging People's Party (United States), People's Party. For the next three and a half years, Bellamy gave his all to politics, publishing his magazine, working to influence the platform of the People's Party, and publicizing the Nationalist movement in the popular press. This phase of his life came to an end in 1894, when ''The New Nation'' was forced to suspend publication owing to financial difficulties. With the key activists of the Nationalist Clubs largely absorbed into the apparatus of the People's Party (although a Nationalist Party did run three candidates for office in Wisconsin as late as 1896), Bellamy abandoned politics for a return to literature. He set to work on a sequel to ''Looking Backward'' titled ''Equality (novel), Equality,'' attempting to deal with the ideal society of the post-revolutionary future in greater detail. In this final work, he addressed the question of feminism, dealing with the taboo subject of female reproductive rights in a future, post-revolutionary America.Rosemont, "Edward Bellamy (1850–1898)," p. 82. Other subjects overlooked in ''Looking Backward,'' such as animal rights and Conservation movement, wilderness preservation, were dealt with in a similar context. The book saw print in 1897 and would prove to be Bellamy's final creation. Several short stories of Bellamy's were published in 1898, and ''The Duke of Stockbridge; a Romance of Shays' Rebellion'' was published in 1900.

Death and legacy

Edward Bellamy died of tuberculosis in Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts ten years after the publication of his most famous book. He was 48 years old. Edward Bellamy House, His lifelong home in Chicopee Falls, built by his father,A Noted Writer's Abode: The Home of Edward Bellamy at Chicopee Falls, Mass.
, ''Harrisburg [PA] ''The Daily Telegraph'','' July 19, 1890, p. 4. was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.Edward Bellamy House: National Historic Landmark summary listing
, National Park Service, tps.cr.nps.gov/ Bellamy was the cousin of Francis Bellamy, famous for writing the original version of the Pledge of Allegiance (United States), Pledge of Allegiance. List of north–south roads in Toronto#Bellamy Road, Bellamy Road, a residential road in Toronto, is named for the author.

Published works

Novels

*''Six to One'' (1878) *''Dr. Heidenhoff's Process'' (1880) *''Miss Ludington's Sister'' (1885) *''Looking Backward, Looking Backward, 2000–1887'' (1888) *''Equality (novel), Equality'' (1897) *''The Duke of Stockbridge; a Romance of Shays' Rebellion'' (1900)

Short stories

*"At Pinney's Ranch" *"The Blindman's World" *"Deserted" *"An Echo Of Antietam" *"Hooking Watermelons" *"Lost" *"A Love Story Reversed" *"The Old Folks' Party" *"A Positive Romance" *"Potts's Painless Cure" *"A Summer Evening's Dream" *"To Whom This May Come" *"Two Days' Solitary Imprisonment" *"With The Eyes Shut" *"The Cold Snap" *"The Old Folks' Party"

References

Bibliography

''Six to One: A Nantucket Idyl.''
New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1878.
''Dr. Heidenhoff's Process.''
London: William Reeves, 1880.
Miss Ludington's Sister: A Romance of Immorality.
Boston: James R. Osgoode and Co., 1885.
''Looking Backward, 2000–1887.''
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1889.
"How I Came to Write ''Looking Backward"''
''The Nationalist (United States), The Nationalist'' (Boston), vol. 1, no. 1 (May 1889), pp. 1–4.
''Plutocracy or Nationalism – Which?''

''Principles and Purposes of Nationalism: Edward Bellamy's Address at Tremont Temple, Boston, on the Nationalist Club's First Anniversary, Dec. 19, 1889.''
Philadelphia: Bureau of Nationalist Literature, n.d. [1890].
''The Programme of the Nationalists.''
Philadelphia: Bureau of Nationalist Literature, 1894. —First published in ''The Forum,'' March 1894.
''Equality.''
New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1898.
''The Blindman's World and Other Stories.''
William Dean Howells, intro. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1898.
''The Duke of Stockbridge: A Romance of Shays' Rebellion.''
New York: Silver, Burdett and Co., 1900. * ''Edward Bellamy: Selected Writings on Religion and Society.'' Joseph Schiffman (ed.) New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1955. * ''Apparitions of Things to Come: Edward Bellamy's Tales of Mystery & Imagination.'' Franklin Rosemont, ed. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1990.

External links

* *

at marxists.org * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellamy, Edward 1850 births 1898 deaths People from Chicopee, Massachusetts 19th-century American novelists Bellamyism American Christian socialists American democratic socialists American science fiction writers 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Union College (New York) alumni Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts American male novelists 19th-century American male writers Authors of utopian literature Literature critical of work and the work ethic